And pneumatic too…in the vacuum of space
The Space Shuttle orbiter's landing gear tires used a heavy-duty bias-ply (cross-ply) construction, optimized for extreme loads, high touchdown speeds (around 220 mph / 354 km/h for main gear), and the stresses of landing on a runway.a86212
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Key Features of the Construction:
Bias-ply design: Layers (plies) of fabric cords were laid diagonally (criss-crossed at opposing angles, typically 30–45° to the centerline) from bead to bead. This maximized strength and load-carrying capacity, unlike radial tires where cords run perpendicular to the tread.5ea543
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Multiple fabric layers: Sources indicate each tire incorporated around 16 different fabric layers in a bias-ply arrangement for the main gear tires (with higher ply ratings overall, e.g., 34-ply rating for main gear tires). The plies were commonly made of strong nylon cords (such as nylon 6,6).79b530
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Typical tire components (standard for high-performance bias aircraft tires, confirmed for Shuttle use):
Inner liner: Butyl or halobutyl rubber to retain pressure (nitrogen-filled).
Carcass plies: The main reinforcing fabric layers.
Beads: High-tensile wire bundles to anchor the tire to the rim.
Additional elements: Sidewalls, tread, chafers, flippers, apex fillers, and belts (nylon or similar) for added durability and stress distribution.7c642f
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Inflation: Main gear tires at ~315–340 psi (very high pressure); nose gear at ~300 psi. Filled with nitrogen for stability across temperature extremes (from space cold to landing heat), low leakage, and non-flammability.a82d81
NASA
Additional Specs:
Main landing gear tires (two per gear, four total): Larger and heavier-duty (e.g., size around 44.5 × 16.0-21), designed for massive loads (up to ~132,000 lbs / 60,000 kg force per tire). Typically single-use due to wear.325d8d
NASA
Nose gear tires (two total): Smaller (e.g., 32 × 8.8), often rated for multiple landings (up to ~2).a783f5
NASA
Wheels: Forged aluminum for strength and lightness.e06590
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These tires were custom-engineered (e.g., by manufacturers like Goodyear or BFGoodrich in various iterations) and far more robust than standard aircraft tires—handling loads several times higher than a Boeing 747 while enduring single high-speed landings.8ebbdb
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For visuals or deeper technical details, NASA's educational materials (like the "Space Shuttle Tires" K-4 lesson) include cross-sections showing the layered construction.
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